Each early summer, the Maine coastline buzzes with excitement as millions of river herring navigate the powerful currents of the Atlantic Ocean, returning to the freshwater streams and lakes of their birth to spawn. This is not only a fascinating natural phenomenon but also a testament to the robust ecological recovery of the region, deeply intertwined with the long and dynamic history of fishing in Maine. The river herring’s upstream journey reflects a new chapter in the story of the relationship between humans and nature in this land, where conservation efforts are writing a brighter future for both the community and the environment.
The Origins of Maine Fishing and the Role of River Herring
Maine’s fishing industry boasts a rich history, dating back thousands of years when indigenous tribes like the Abenaki laid the foundation for a life reliant on the ocean and rivers. They harvested abundant seafood, from majestic Atlantic salmon to cod, lobster, and notably, river herring. River herring, with their large numbers and impressive upstream migration, played a pivotal role in both the ecosystem and the economic and cultural life of the native communities.
River herring were not only a crucial food source, providing essential protein and nutrients, but also natural bait for other valuable fish species like flounder and cod. The Abenaki developed sophisticated river herring fishing techniques, using weirs, nets, and handcrafted tools from natural materials to sustainably harvest this resource. River herring also held spiritual significance, appearing in their legends and rituals, reflecting a deep connection between humans and nature.
When the first Europeans arrived in Maine in the 17th century, they quickly recognized the immense potential of the local fisheries. Fishing became the economic backbone of the new land, attracting immigrants and forming prosperous coastal communities. River herring continued to be vital, not just as an affordable food source but also as indispensable bait for the burgeoning cod and other commercial fisheries. River herring fishing methods gradually modernized, but the role of this small fish in Maine’s ecosystem and economy remained unchanged.
The Dam Era and the Decline of Fishing
Moving into the 18th and 19th centuries, industrial development brought profound changes to Maine, both economically and environmentally. To meet the energy demands of sawmills, gristmills, and later hydroelectric power plants, numerous dams were built across Maine’s rivers. These dams, while offering immediate economic benefits, inadvertently blocked the spawning migration routes of river herring and many other fish species.
The decline in river herring numbers became noticeable as dams proliferated. The loss of natural spawning habitats in the upper reaches of rivers led to a severe decline in river herring populations. The consequences extended beyond reduced river herring catches, triggering a decline in the entire ecosystem. Predators of river herring, such as seabirds, mammals, and larger fish, were also affected by the reduced food source. Lobster and flounder fisheries, which relied on river herring for bait, also faced hardship.
By the 20th century, water pollution from industrial and residential waste further exacerbated the problem. Maine’s rivers, once lifelines, gradually became polluted and biodiversity-poor. Traditional fishing, a source of pride and livelihood for many coastal communities, faced the threat of collapse. The people of Maine gradually realized that economic development could not come at the cost of environmental destruction and the depletion of valuable natural resources.
The Dam Removal Revolution and the River Herring Revival
In this context, Maine became a pioneering state in the dam removal movement across the United States. Recognizing the importance of restoring natural rivers and healthy ecosystems, scientists, policymakers, and local communities joined forces. In 1999, the removal of the Edwards Dam on the Kennebec River, a large dam that had stood for over 160 years, marked a historic turning point.
The decision to remove the Edwards Dam, initially met with controversy and economic concerns, proved its validity by delivering remarkable results. Within just a few years, the Kennebec River experienced a strong revival. Atlantic salmon, a precious species once on the brink of extinction, began to return to spawn. River herring, a fish that had been largely forgotten, also rapidly recovered in numbers. The success of the Edwards Dam removal set a precedent and provided momentum for similar projects throughout Maine and the United States.
Building on that success, Maine continued to remove a series of other dams on the Penobscot, Presumpscot, and many smaller rivers. The removal of the Smelt Hill Dam on the Presumpscot River in 2002, mentioned in the original article, is a prime example. After nearly 200 years of blocked passage, river herring were able to freely migrate upstream to Highland Lake to spawn. Tens of thousands of river herring have returned to the Presumpscot River each year, bringing with them life and hope for a brighter future.
River herring swimming upstream in a river. (Photo: NatGeo)
These dam removal efforts not only benefited river herring and other migratory fish but also improved water quality, enhanced biodiversity, and created new ecotourism opportunities. The people of Maine can now take pride in their revitalized rivers, where river herring once again swim freely, birds and wildlife congregate, and people can find a deep connection with nature.
The Future of Maine Fishing and Lessons from River Herring
Today, Maine’s fishing industry remains a vital part of the economy, but there have been significant changes in approach and management. The lessons from the river herring recovery story have helped the community and government of Maine to better understand the importance of conserving marine and riverine ecosystems. Sustainable fisheries management, protecting aquatic habitats, and investing in scientific research have become top priorities.
While many challenges remain ahead, such as climate change and overfishing pressures, Maine is moving in the right direction on the path to sustainable fisheries development. The river herring revival is a clear demonstration that when humans act responsibly and respect nature, miracles can happen. The story of Maine’s fishing history, from the early days of exploitation to the dam removal revolution and the river herring revival, is a major source of inspiration for nature conservation efforts worldwide.
Conclusion
The history of fishing in Maine is a long journey, full of ups and downs and changes, but also not without moments of miraculous revival. From the indispensable role of river herring in the ecosystem and human life, to the period of decline due to damming and pollution, and finally the dam removal revolution that brought a spectacular recovery, this story holds valuable lessons about the relationship between humans and nature. Maine has shown that protecting the environment is not only a responsibility but also the key to ensuring sustainable development for both the community and future generations. The river herring recovery journey is ongoing, and it promises to write new chapters full of hope for Maine’s fisheries and for the harmony between humans and nature across the globe.